CARDIAC OUTPUT

 Definition

– Amount of blood pumped to the body from each of the ventricles are called as cardiac output.
-Normal cardiac output of the heart is 5 liters per minute
Stoke volume and HEART RATE are the 2 main components that controls the cardiac output
   CARDIAC OUTPUT=
                                   STROKE VOLUME *HEART RATE

Definition

STROKE VOLUME:-

 – It is an amount of blood pumped in 1 heart beat.
-Normal stroke volume of heart is 70ml/beat

HEART RATE:-

-It is the amount of heart beats to supply 5 liter of blood to all the parts of the body.

-Normal heart beat is 72 beats / min

.CARDIAC OUTPUT =70*72
                                   =1540mL /min
                                   =5Liters/min

Factors affecting cardiac output

Physiological condition

1)Age -: Children has less cardiac output then adults
2)Sex -: Male has more cardiac output then female
3)AFTER MEAL-: Cardiac output increases during 1st hour of meal
4)EXERCISE-: Cardiac output increases during exercise
5)POSTURE-: From lying to standing cardiac output decreases
6)SLEEP -: Cardiac output decreases slightly during sleep

PATHOLOGICAL CONDITION

1)INCREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT
a)Fever
b)Anemia
 2)DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT
 
a)Hypothyroidism
b)Shock
c) Hemorrhage
Factors affecting cardiac output are ,
a) VENOUS RETURN
b)FORCE OF CONTRACTION
c)HEART RATE
d)PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE.

a)VENOUS RETURN

-Amount of blood which return to heart from different part of the body
-Cardiac output is directly proportion to venous return

It depends upon the following

1) RESPIRATORY PUMP
2)MUSCLE PUMP
3)GRAVITY
4) VENOUS PRESSURE

1)RESPIRATORY PUMP

-Respiratory activity helps in returning of blood to the heart.
During inspiration
-The inter thoracic pressure increases during the inspiration
-These decends the diaphragm and increases the intra abdominal pressure.
–  Due to increase in abdominal pressure the abdominal veins gets suppressed
-It increases the diameter of the inferior vena cava
-It pushes the blood upward towards the heart

-Which results in the increase of venous pressure.

2)MUSCLE PUMP

-Muscular activity helps in muscle pump
– During muscle contraction the veins gets compressed.
-There are valves present in between the muscles
-which help the blood to move towards the heart
-These increases the venous return of the heart.

3)GRAVITY

-Due to the pull of the gravitational force the venous blood flow gets decreased .
-These gravitational force pulls the blood downwards

4)VENOUS PRESSURE

-The pressure of the veins gets decreased from lower veins to higher veins
– These decrease in pressure between the veins decreases the venous return of the heart.
-Normal pressure of veins is 12to 16mmHg
– In SVC( SUPERIOR VENA CAVA) AND IVC(INFERIOR VENA CAVA) the pressures falls to 5 mmHg.

b)FORCE OF CONTRACTION

-Cardiac output is directly proportional to the force if contraction.
-According to FRANK-STARLING LAW,
  ” The Force of contraction of heart is directly proportional to the initial lenght of muscle fiber.”

c) HEART RATE

-Cardiac output is directly proportional to heart rate.
-Moderate change in the heart rate does not alter the cardiac output.
– If there is marked increase in heart rate the cardiac output increases
-If there is marked decrease in heart rate the cardiac output decreases.

d)PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE

-Peripheral resistance is the resistance offered to blood flow at the peripheral blood vessel.
-It is the resistance against which the heart has to pump
– As a result peripheral resistance is inversely proportional to cardiac output.

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